https://www.chistorys.ir/ Muṭāli̒āt-i tārīkh-i farhangī(Cultural History Studies) en daily 1 Sat, 22 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 22 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.chistorys.ir/article_236392.html This research, using a qualitative and critical semiotic approach, analyzes the visual representations of Reza Shah in Pahlavi history textbooks at all levels of education and attempts to reveal the ideological mechanisms through which political power and nationalist identity are transmitted to students. The issue of this research is that textbook images are not simply reflections of historical events and figures, but are ideological texts that reproduce the hegemonic messages of the state in secondary semantic layers. This research seeks to answer the question of how the images of Pahlavi history textbooks, by representing modernity, Reza Shah's authority, and patterns of order and obedience, act as an ideological device to consolidate the official discourse of the Pahlavi state in the minds of students. The theoretical framework of the research is based on Roland Barthes' concepts of first and second order signification and Louis Althusser's theory of "ideological apparatuses of the state." Accordingly, the images are analyzed at three levels: "reconstructional heritage" (renovation and modernization), "personal heritage" (personal image and authority), and "behavioral heritage" (social order and rituals). The main sources of the research are the collection of Pahlavi history textbooks that have been collected through the Ayatollah Boroujerdi Digital Library and other document databases. The findings show that the images of Reza Shah in these texts, by eliminating social and political contradictions, present a heroic and architect-like image of him and serve to consolidate the Pahlavi nationalist and state-oriented discourse. By filling the gap in studies of the history of education, the present study contributes to a deeper understanding of the link between image, ideology, and nation-building in contemporary Iran. https://www.chistorys.ir/article_237775.html The bazaar is a key element and a perfect example of the appearance of historical cities, and its soundscape is of particular importance as it contains emotional and perceptual signs that were current in a specific place and time. This article examines the changes in the soundscape of the Tabriz bazaar in the historical course before the modern period. This article uses the library method and analyzes information from travelogues, historical maps of Tabriz, government documents and reports, etc. related to pre-modern historical periods as basic data and analyzes it according to the components of Schaefer's soundscape theory. The results show that the soundscape of the Tabriz bazaar in historical periods has more meaningful sounds than similar environments in the same period, and the same problem is still valid today. Also, components such as user activities such as mosques and tombs, baths and zurkhaneh, established and non-established businesses, vendors, social events, the presence of travelers and people's entertainment, the presence of different dialects and accents, the sound of construction, the presence of natural elements in the market environment, and sounds related to the management and maintenance of the market were key pieces of sound that were readable from a historical acoustic perspective, and the continuity of the readable acoustic landscape throughout the market indicates that the environment was dynamic. https://www.chistorys.ir/article_239754.html Higher education institutions were established in the final years of the Pahlavi era, centered in Kermanshah Province in the western regions of Iran. Ilam Province—one of the country’s newly established and underdeveloped provinces—witnessed for the first time the establishment of its earliest institution of higher education at the undergraduate level, specializing in animal husbandry and founded under the auspices of the Kermanshah College of Sciences. Given its historical background, geographical and climatic conditions, extensive rangelands, and the predominance of pastoralist culture and livelihoods, the province constituted a suitable setting for modernizing livestock production and dairy processing. Achieving this objective required up-to-date technical and specialized expertise in animal breeding and livestock products. This study, for the first time, examines the establishment of higher education in Ilam Province through the founding of the Ilam Faculty of Animal Husbandry as a branch of Razi University. The findings indicate that the earliest scientific policymaking efforts for higher education in Ilam were initiated through field studies conducted by teams from the higher education sector—initially under the framework of the Kermanshahan College of Sciences, and later as a campus of Razi University, which served as one of the most important centers of higher education in western Iran—in collaboration with the University of Akron in the United States. On this basis, the foundation of the first institution of higher education in Ilam Province was laid, and the Ilam Faculty of Animal Husbandry, as one of Razi University’s satellite faculties, formally paved the way for the introduction of higher education into the province beginning in 1976.The results further show that the establishment of this faculty faced serious challenges. The lack of adequate educational infrastructure, shortages of land and water, limited laboratory and instructional equipment, insufficient specialized personnel, and the political crisis of the final years of the Pahlavi regime confronted the Ilam Faculty of Animal Husbandry campus with numerous difficulties. Nevertheless, despite these obstacles, the establishment of this campus became an entry point for the subsequent development of higher education in the province and ultimately for the founding of Ilam University in the two decades following the victory of the Islamic Revolution. https://www.chistorys.ir/article_241742.html The interaction of every political regime with the legacy and history of its predecessor is inevitably challenging—especially in the modern era, where public opinion plays a crucial role. The Pahlavi state, which succeeded the Qajar dynasty, paid particular attention to standardizing and shaping public consciousness through institutions such as education. Since one of the most significant means of guiding an educational system lies in the compilation of textbooks, the present study, employing a descriptive-analytical method, examines history textbooks of the Reza Shah period to identify the scope, characteristics, and main themes related to the Qajar era presented in them. It seeks to answer the question: What image of the Qajar period was conveyed by the Reza Shah government’s educational system at various levels of schooling? The findings reveal that in elementary-level textbooks, relatively little attention was devoted to the Qajar period; however, in high school textbooks—despite the considerable amount of content dedicated to that era—biases were mainly reflected in linguistic expressions and terminology. The multiplicity of textbook authors and their consideration of the interrelation of historical events and accounts limited overt distortions of facts, except in discussions regarding the post-Constitutional Revolution developments. Moreover, the biases that culminated in the narrative of the coup d’état of 3 Esfand 1299 (February 1921) were, until 1938, more the product of writers’ positional insecurities and adherence to dominant contemporary discourses than of any formal censorship or supervisory structure. Nonetheless, after that date, the Ministry of Culture initiated a cohesive effort to present a unified historical narrative through combining selections of earlier texts and rewriting certain accounts. https://www.chistorys.ir/article_242144.html During the Safavid period, particularly from the reign of Shah Abbas I (996–1038 AH / 1587–1629 CE) to the fall of Isfahan (1135 AH / 1722 CE), the expansion of Iran’s foreign relations increased the strategic importance of language in diplomatic and political interactions. In this context, translators were not merely linguistic mediators but functioned as intercultural agents actively involved in diplomatic, cultural, and even ideological exchanges between Iran and Europe. Based on a descriptive–analytical approach and drawing primarily on library sources, especially European travel accounts, this article examines the role and position of translators at the Safavid court during this period. The findings suggest that many of these translators were European Christians or converts to Islam who, through long-term residence in Iran, had acquired proficiency in local languages and familiarity with Iranian customs. Case studies of figures such as Petrus Josephus a Rosario, Marre, and Raphael du Mans reveal that these individuals played a crucial role in transmitting complex political, commercial, and cultural concepts between Iran and Europe and were actively involved in the production and circulation of meaning within Safavid diplomatic relations. https://www.chistorys.ir/article_242197.html In different societies, gender identity functions as a social construct, within different groups, at a level beyond biological differences. Gender plays an influential role in redefining social distinctions, roles, and functions. The representation of gender in traditional societies is an issue that can be seen through historical texts. research is to study the status of women in the political system of the Timur era. The findings of the research showed that gender and gender identity in the Timurid era were influenced and influenced by the tribal and patriarchal system. Since the beginning of Timur's rise, women have been present in the social arena without gender discrimination in the midst of wars. Therefore, their identity was formed alongside men and within the tribe.This made their function in the political-military arenas more visible.The Timurid government structure, which was based on marriage with women from important tribes, created an opportunity for women's strategies, from warfare to politics and even intercession, to be successful for the peace and prosperity of the tribe and the government.Despite gender discrimination, they were able to demonstrate their power in the patriarchal society of the Timurid era and within the Timurid apparatus through feminine mechanisms and the manifestation of feminine elegance.In this study, only the era of Timur, the founder of the Timurid dynasty, has been specifically addressed.